Introduction: Clobazam is an anticonvulsant drug. Its side effects on reproductive functions have not been sufficiently studied. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of clobazam on pituitary-gonad axis and spermatogenesis in ADULT male RATs.Materials and Methods: 40 ADULT male RATs wistar strain were randomly divided into five groups. Animals in group1 (Control group) were injected with any treatment. Animals in group2 (Sham group) received the three-component solvent (propylenglycol, ethanol and distilled water in a RATio of 5: 2: 3) in a corresponding volume, i.e.1ml/kg.bw.Animals in groups 3, 4, and 5 received clobazam (dissolved in solvent), respectively, in doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg.bw/day i.p. for 21 days. At the end of the study, blood gonadotropins (LH and FSH) levels as well as testosterone of RATs in five groups were determined. The animals were sacrificed, then, spermatogram and histological changes of their testes were studied under light microscope.Results: The results show that in clobazam treated groups, particular experimental group 3, blood testosterone levels were significantly decreased as compared to the control group. Plasma concentRATions of LH, FSH assayed and there were no significant differences among the clobazam treated groups as compared with control group. Body weight in clobazam treated relatively increased. However, sperm density and testes weight were not different from those of the control group.Conclusion: These findings indicate that clobazam has a relative suppressive influence on reproductive function in RATs. We suggest that clobazam directly affects production of testosterone in leydig cells or centrally increased estradiol biosynthesis subsequently lowered testosterone levels by negative feedback.

The influence of hypo- and hyper-thyroidism on spermatogenesis was studied in 60-day-old ADULT male Wistar RATs. To confirm hypo- and hyper-thyroidism, the concentRATion of plasma thyroid hormones was assayed by radioimmunoassay. The hypothyroid state, induced by administRATion of 25 mg/kg/day methimazole for 5 successive days, resulted in significant decrease in the number of Sertoli cells, sperm count, Leydig cells and the diameter of seminiferous tubules. The hyperthyroid state, induced by administRATion of 1 mg/kg/day L-thyroxine for 10 successive days, increased the number of Sertoli cells, sperm count, Leydig cells and the diameter of seminiferous tubules. Serum levels of FSH and LH and testosterone were also evaluated. Hypo- and hyper-thyroidism had no effects on the concentRATions of FSH and LH, while the concentRATion of testosterone was significantly increased in hyperthyroid state; it decreased in hypothyroid state in comparison with the control euthyroid RATs. In conclusion, our data indicated that hypo- and hyper-thyroidism affect spermatogenesis through their effects on germinal, interstitial and Sertoli cells but not through the pituitary-gonadal axis.

Background: Primary cultures of embryonic neurons have been used to introduce a model of neurons in physiological and pathological conditions. However, age-related cellular events limit this method as an optimal model in ADULT neurodegeneRATive diseases studies. Besides, short-interval changing media in previous cultures decreases the effectiveness of this model. As an example of this matter, we can refer to the study on some special neuronal secreted factors or the influence of some experimental materials on neurons. Meanwhile, short-interval changing media could remove the effects of some released factors from the environment. In this study, the method for isolation and culturing ADULT RAT hippocampal neurons with longintervals medium changing has been described. Methods: The hippocampal neurons of ADULT male RATs were cultured. We used Neurobasal A/B27 culture medium, papain (2 mg/ml), trypsin 0.25% and collagenase (1 mg/ml) for neuronal isolation, OptiPrep density gradient for sepaRATion of neurons from other cell types and also debris and FGF2 (10 ng/ml) for increasing neuronal survival and regeneRATion. Results: The neuronal sprouting and viability were increased by using papain and mild trituRATing (P<0.05). ADULT neuronal culturing and their regeneRATion were impossible without FGF2. It was shown that adding new fresh medium every 4 days and exchanging half of it every 8 days had no detrimental effect on neuronal viability.Conclusion: This investigation shows the possibility of culturing ADULT neuronal cells and their maintaining in long-interval media. It could be happened because of ADULT neurons rely significantly on the neighboring cells secreted factors for living and making synaptic connections. This model is very useful in physiological and pathological studies which need stable conditions of neuronal culture in a long period of time.

Background: Spermatozoa are germ cells that have a pivotal role at fertilisation. Infertility is a problem with a large magnitude. Sperm damages are one of the factors that cause infertility. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2-U) or molecules and/or hydroxyl radical (UOH) affect both male and female gametes. Cyclosporine A (CsA), a neutral lipophilic cyclic undecapeptide (C6H11N1lO12), it is a powerful immunosuppressive agent that has markedly improved graft survival RATes in organ transplantation.CsA therapy induces overproduction of reactive oxygenspecies (ROS) in hepatocytes and lowers their antioxidant capacity.Materials and Methods: In this study 16 ADULT male RAT, weighing 200±20 g were used. The animals were divided into two groups (control, cyclosporine). CsA were given at the dose of 45 mg/kg/day by gavage for 45 days.After 45 days animals were sacrificed by Dislocation of cervical vertebra and cauda epididymis were mince in 1ml HTF+4mg/ml Bovin serom Albumin and for 30 minutes put in CO2 incubator 37oC, After get out sperm in the medium, Different parameters, such as sperm viability, motility, sperm count and sperm DNA fragmentation were measurd.Results: This study demonstRATes that CsA have a Profound effect on the reproductive system of the male RATs.CsA arrest the spermatogenic process, and the number of spermatids and spermatozoa were decreased. CsA also reduced motility and the fertilitizing ability of spermatozoa.Conclusion: That CsA can cause negative effects on sperm and decreased sperm count and live sperm and increase sperm with damaged DNA and immature sperm.

Objective: Tamoxifen (TAM) is a synthetic, non-steroidal, anti-estrogenic/competitive antagonist, which is widely used for treatment of early and metastatic breast cancer (1). Its anti-estrogenic effect appears to be related to its ability to reduce estrogen receptor levels or to inhibit the binding of oestradiol (E2) to the estrogen receptors (ER). Although TAM acts primarily as an antiestrogenic, it also exerts a mild estrogenic effect (2). We conducted an experimental study to evaluate the effect of TAM toxicity on the folliculogenesis in RAT’s fetus. Moreover, hormonal situ also were measured.Materials and Methods: Tamoxifen (TAM) is a synthetic, non-steroidal, anti-estrogenic/competitive antagonist, which is widely used for treatment of early and metastatic breast cancer (1). It’s anti-estrogenic effect appears to be related to its ability to reduce estrogen receptor levels or to inhibit the binding of oestradiol (E2) to the estrogen receptors (ER). Although TAM acts primarily as an anti-estrogenic, it also exerts a mild estrogenic effect (2). We conducted an experimental study to evaluate the effect of TAM toxicity on the folliculogenesis in RAT’s fetus. Moreover, hormonal situ also were measured.Results: The histological examinations of fetus’s ovary and biochemical data showed the significant changes in RATs treated by TAM with the absence of folliculogenesis and an increase in E2 level which accopmanined with sharp decrease of FSH level in comparison to their respective control group.Conclusion: In conclusion, this obtained data may suggest a mechanistic pathway of TAM action which takes place via changing of hormonal situ on one hand and direct effect on folliculogenesis. Moreover, as this agent is considered as group D in pregnancy period, thus more attention should be put on prescribing of this medicine.